GALANIN
Galanin prevents the emergence of other chemicals in the brain, so drugs that stop this substance increase the release of other chemicals that correct depression in the brain.(HT-2157-GALR3 antagonist). Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene, located in the brain, spinal cord and digestive system. Galanin's intracellular signaling mechanism is via G-protein coupled receptors.
The functional role of galanin is largely unknown, but it gets involved in regulating and blocking the action potential of neurons. It also has a role in many events such as perception of pain, eating behaviors, sleep and wake cycles, cognitive functions and mood regulation in humans. Galanin neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus can also control parental behavior. This neuropeptide is associated with many diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, depression, and eating disorders. It has been proven by scientific studies that galanin neurons, which is a very unheard of neuropeptide, have a protective effect and can even trigger new neuron formation (neurogenesis).
Galanin as a modulator of anxiety and depression and a therapeutic target for affective disease
GASTRIN
It is secreted from G cells in the antral region in the stomach. G cells and other enteroendocrine cells also contain noradrenaline and serotonin-related amines, which are also called APUD cells. Other cells that produce gastrin are TG cells found throughout the stomach and small intestine.
It is also found in the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary, hypothalamus, m oblongata, vagus and sciatic nerves.
EFFECTS OF GASTRINE
The main effect is the secretion of stomach acid and pepsin
Stimulating the growth of the small and large intestinal mucosa (trophic effect)
Stimulation of stomach motility
Stimulating ileum motility and mass movement in the large intestine
Stimulates insulin secretion after a protein-rich meal
FACTORS EFFECTING GASTRINE SECRETION
Stimulation of vagus, calcium, adrenaline, protein breakdown products in the stomach; in particular, the presence of amino acids increases gastrin secretion.
The relationship of depression to metabolism
We know that most of the gastrointestinal hormones affect the brain and regulate the hunger-satiety mechanism. However, these hormones can determine our mood by doing more than that. For example, leptin is closely related to hippocampal plasticity. In addition, leptin has been observed to reduce dopamine release in the ventral striatum of rats. Activation of leptin receptors also inhibits dopamine release by preventing the firing of dopamine neurons here in the ventral tegmental area.
In addition to the recent diagnosis of diabetes, the probability of depressive behavior is between 12.8% and 29% in men, while it is between 23.8% and 30.5% in women. These rates are evidence of a close relationship between diabetes and depression.
Depression is also thought to be caused by the irregularity of the feedback of the ghrel in regions of the brain that regulate mood. Ghrelin has antidepressant effects in mice and humans. It acts as a dopaminergic and regulates the reward system. Carbohydrates, on the other hand, are the most effective nutrients that suppress ghrelin release. The interesting thing is that Ghrelin increases in the body in situations such as chronic stress and recurrent social defeat, and subsequently helps to cope with stress by creating an antidepressant effect on the body.
Another molecule that we think has to do with depression is Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF). IGF increases hippocampal neurogenesis and central sensitivity of the insulin signal in this way reduces depressive symptoms.
Blockade of cholecystokinin receptors in mice reversed depressive behavior. Chronic antidepressant treatments also reduced the release of cholecystokinin.
Genetic and pharmacological studies on rodents have shown that GRP (Gastrin Releasing Peptide) improves synaptic plasticity and anxious, depressive behavior aspects in areas of the brain, such as the hippocampus and amygdala. Behaviors, including food intake, social behaviors, learning, memory, and mood, are modulated by GRP in rodents.
Folate products, omega 3 fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, olive oil, fruits and vegetables are also very important for the mood. Insufficient intake of these nutrients for certain reasons can trigger the risk of depression.
