ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
Hormone that secreted by the pituitarial gland in which located the lower part of the brain, affecting the adrenal glands and causing cortisol secretion.
Secretion properties of ACTH
Circadian rhythm:
Plasma ACTH and cortisol level;
- It starts rising at 03:00, peaks at 08,
- Minimizes to midnight
Circadian rhythm time, regarding the sun;
- Light and dark shifts synchronize with the circadian rhythm of sleep / wakefulness or social activity.
Circadian rhythm is normal in AY, disordered in CS.
Pulsatile secretion:
Episodic release with short and large amplitudes.
Pulsatile is released every 39 minutes,
- The half-life of an swing lasts 19 minutes.
PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN (POMC)
POMC neurons are important regulators of blood sugar and energy balance. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is converted to alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), which acts centrally on the melanocortin receptor (MC4) to reduce nutrient intake. A new study from the UT Southwestern Medical Center shows that POMC neurons that positively affect metabolism in mice remain active for up to two days after exercise.
Melanocortin circuit
The melanocortin circuit in the brain is one of the ways the body regulates food intake through stimulation and inhibition. This circuit is found in both humans and mice. Neurons that release melanocortins (peptide hormones) are located in the nucleus arcuate of the hypothalamus.
First of all, melanocortins include POMC (pro-opiomelanocortins). When these neurons secrete alpha-MSH, they cause decreased appetite, lower blood sugar levels, and increased energy. When these neurons release AgRP, it actually increases appetite and reduces metabolism. Previous studies have already shown that dieting or starving can positively affect this system. However, the system has never been associated with movement before.
Short and long term effects
In this study, the effects of exercise on POMC and NPY / AgRP were measured with training mice. An exercise with three 20-minute treadmills resulted in short-term loss of appetite for up to six hours. "This result can explain why people at a nervous level don't immediately feel hungry after a workout," a researcher said. Said
The long-term effects of training have been seen in POMC neurons that are known to improve glucose metabolism. In addition, these neurons remained active longer if they expressed the leptin receptor. Leptin is our satiety hormone that regulates the melanocortin circuit together with our hunger hormone ghrelin.
Benefits for glucose metabolism
A researcher doesn't even do a lot of exercise to change the activity of these neurons. for glucose metabolism. "He also concluded that a better understanding of neural connectivity by movement can help patients with type 2 diabetes, for example.
Other POMC functions
POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) is the precursor of several neuropeptides and hormones, such as beta endorphins, melanin and cortisol. Beta endorphins, among other things, reduce the release of glutamate and substance P, which gives a strong analgesic effect. Cortisol is released by ADOM in the adrenal gland via POMC. Cortisol is our 'activity hormone' and is important for the release of glucose into our body. In short, together with melatonin, it determines our rhythm of sleep-wake and plays an important role in our immune system and response to stress. Cortisol is also an important hormone to act and offers the above-mentioned benefits for blood sugar and energy balance.
MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE
To date, the melanocyte stimulating hormone has always been pushed into the background. It fell into contempt, was said to be trivial; We were said to know that it is only secreted from the pituitary and only has a peptide structure. There were even those who shot below the waist saying that it was no other crap except that it was acth's byproduct.
Its effects on pigmentation, appetite, sexual arousal, and bone regeneration were previously known. The researchers said, "If it is effective in bone, can it benefit a tooth?" Based on the question, they tried to develop the synthetic gel and rub it into already rotten teeth (in mice, of course) and the result: voila! "Caries disappeared" in a short time like 1 month. This new gel does not prevent caries. Keep brushing, of course, but it is not a scientific breakthrough to heal the caries.
It officially means goodbye to filling and canal treatment, which results in a great deal of history of dentist fear. I was already guessing, let's say that such a thing will happen, or it should happen. Carving those teeth or something ... sounds like an awesome primitive event. But it has been the year 2020, I ask you to lift it.
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It is effective in the formation of skin color, but it is interesting that in humans the receptor of this hormone has not been shown.
Most of our information is from mice. Many things found in mice are not adaptable to the human body. Many experiments are made by means of mice since it is almost impossible to experiment on human beings. Unfortunately, mice that are distantly related are not like human beings.
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Prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (MRIH-I), that is the melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)-release inhibiting hormone is a hypothalamic hormone active in animal systems used as models of depression.In a double-blind, clinical trial, four of five patients with mental depression, who received 60 mg of MRIH-I for each of six consecutive days, experienced marked improvement for their symptoms within. two to three days.
The preliminary nature of these findings, however, is emphasized by the improvement in two of four patients receiving a placebo and only two of five patients receiving 150 mg of MRIH-I.
Rudolph H. Ehrensing, MD; Abba J. Kastin, MD
Author Affiliations
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;30(1):63-65. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760070047007
